How to Adjust the Brightness of an LED

LED is kind of mini light bulb, a small component that creates light. Many beginners are likely to make it as their first works as it is simple. But how to adjust the brightness of an LED may still confuse many beginners, actually, there are two ways to change the brightness of the LED. 

Change the resistor value: To change the brightness by adjusting the resistor value just adding a potentiometer in series with the LED. When you adjust the knob of the resistor, the brightness of the LED will change.

Turn it on and off fast: Another method is to turn the LED on and off fast. Maybe a few hundred times per second. Usually you want to use a microcontroller for this. By adjusting the percentage the LED is on versus off, it will appear to the eye that the brightness changes.
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LEDs and Resistors

LEDs and resistors in series are common in our daily life, but how does it work? Here we explain a problem you may face. 

Suppose you have stumbled upon this confusion about series circuit. That you have two 3V LEDs connected in series to a 12V battery. What will happen then? Because the first LED would have 9V across it and the second one 6V, so you may wonder is it possible to burn them? If you use a resistor, it will lower the available volt for the second LED, but how will you make it work?

Actually, an LED will always try to get its specified voltage across itself. Two 3V LEDs in series, connected to a 12V battery will force a lot of current through the LEDs and they will burn out. When you put a resistor into the circuit, the two LEDs will have 3V across each, and the remaining voltage will be across the resistor. Then you can use Ohm’s law to find the proper resistor for the current you want. For the most common LEDs, you can usually aim for 15-20 mA.

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Electronics Kits for Kids

General electronic kits with numerous capabilities, LED lighting kits, circuit building kits and kits for teaching kids robotics are some of the different types of electronic kits available for kids. All of the different types of kits have options that range from inexpensive small starter packages with simple instructions for younger beginners up to more complex and expensive kits that allow advanced users to create larger projects. Kits for building specific items such as clocks or radios are also available.

LED cube kits, flickering flame lights, arcade game lights and blinking light sculptures are some of the many kits available for learning about electric lighting. Robotics kits are available to build rovers, vehicles and walking robots. Kids can build projects and watch them come to life as working toys.
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Simple Electronic Projects for Teens

Some of the best simple electronic projects for teens are those that involve light-emitting diodes, known as LEDs. These simple projects have a visual output that helps teenagers know that the project is working properly while they learn about electronics. Some other simple electronic projects for teens include remote control testers, dark and light sensors, and sound-activated switches. 

One of the simplest electronics projects for teens is a simple LED circuit that involves a battery, an LED and a current-limiting resistor. In this circuit, the battery powers the LED, turning it on. In order to work properly, the positive terminal of the battery must be connected to the LED anode while the negative battery terminal is connected to the LED cathode. This demonstration teaches teens how current flows in an electronic system. After mastering a simple LED circuit, teens can learn more by placing switches or additional components in the circuit.

Another simple electronic project for teens is a dark-sensing circuit that uses two transistors, a light-dependent resistor, an LED, a battery and several bias resistors. In this type of circuit, the LED will turn on when the light-dependent resistor is in a dark environment. Although this type of project is more complex than a simple LED circuit, it teaches teens how transistors and light-dependent electronic devices work.

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LED

A light-emitting diode (also known as LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. There are a few different LED types. Here we give a brief introduction about LED color.

Single color: A single color LED means one color only. The color of the light is usually reflected in the color of the plastic housing, but not always. It is powered by connecting the positive voltage terminal to the anode and the negative to the cathode. An LED should always have a current limiting resistor. The most common single-color LEDs are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, white.

Multi-color: A multi-color LED is actually capable of generating many colors (more than one) within itself. The most common LED is known as RGB LEDs which involves red, green and blue color. This technology is well used by the motherboard manufacturer, to show the power indication. For example, red means lower power than the recommended rating while green means full power. 
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